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6.7 Referring to a Type with typeof

Another way to refer to the type of an expression is with typeof.The syntax of using of this keyword looks like sizeof, but theconstruct acts semantically like a type name defined with typedef.

There are two ways of writing the argument to typeof: with anexpression or with a type. Here is an example with an expression:

This assumes that x is an array of pointers to functions;the type described is that of the values of the functions.

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Here is an example with a typename as the argument:

Here the type described is that of pointers to int.

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If you are writing a header file that must work when included in ISO Cprograms, write __typeof__ instead of typeof.See Alternate Keywords.

A typeof construct can be used anywhere a typedef name can beused. For example, you can use it in a declaration, in a cast, or insideof sizeof or typeof.

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The operand of typeof is evaluated for its side effects if andonly if it is an expression of variably modified type or the name ofsuch a type.

typeof is often useful in conjunction withstatement expressions (see Statement Exprs).Here is how the two together canbe used to define a safe “maximum” macro which operates on anyarithmetic type and evaluates each of its arguments exactly once:

The reason for using names that start with underscores for the localvariables is to avoid conflicts with variable names that occur within theexpressions that are substituted for a and b. Eventually wehope to design a new form of declaration syntax that allows you to declarevariables whose scopes start only after their initializers; this will be amore reliable way to prevent such conflicts.

Some more examples of the use of typeof:

• This declares y with the type of what x points to.
• This declares y as an array of such values.
• This declares y as an array of pointers to characters:

  It is equivalent to the following traditional C declaration:

  To see the meaning of the declaration using typeof, and why itmight be a useful way to write, rewrite it with these macros:

  Now the declaration can be rewritten this way:

  Thus, array (pointer (char), 4) is the type of arrays of 4pointers to char.

In GNU C, but not GNU C++, you may also declare the type of a variableas __auto_type. In that case, the declaration must declareonly one variable, whose declarator must just be an identifier, thedeclaration must be initialized, and the type of the variable isdetermined by the initializer; the name of the variable is not inscope until after the initializer. (In C++, you should use C++11auto for this purpose.) Using __auto_type, the“maximum” macro above could be written as:

Using __auto_type instead of typeof has two advantages:

• Each argument to the macro appears only once in the expansion ofthe macro. This prevents the size of the macro expansion growingexponentially when calls to such macros are nested inside arguments ofsuch macros.
• If the argument to the macro has variably modified type, it isevaluated only once when using __auto_type, but twice iftypeof is used.

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