Energy Density Of Wax

Density of Wax is 960 kg/m 3. Example: Density. Calculate the height of a cube made of Wax, which weighs one metric ton. Solution: Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume: ρ = m/V. As the volume of a cube is the third power of its sides (V = a 3), the height of this cube can be. Energy density is a term used to describe the amount of energy stored per unit volume, often expressed in MJ/m 3 or BTU/ft 3. Figure 2 is a graphical representation of common volume ratios for unprocessed material, with the cubes representing the volume of material required for equal energy, 16:4:1 for straw to wood to coal. It's pretty similar to gasoline. The vocab word you're looking for for Google purposes is 'paraffin'. Gasoline, diesel, candle wax, etc. All have heats of combustion of around 44-46 MJ/kg. Ethanol is slightly lower at 30 MJ/kg. The surface energy values of some typical materials are shown in the two tables. The first table shows values for low and high surface energy solid materials, whilst the second table shows values for the liquids used in contact angle measurements that are used to determine surface energies.

Thermal Investigation of Paraffin Wax for Low-Temperature Application

V. Karthikeya,Chatchai Sirisamphanwong,Sukruedee Sukchai

Abstract

Paraffin wax is an effective thermal energy storage material which changes solid to liquid phase during charging mode and liquid to solid phase for discharging mode. In this paper, two types of paraffin wax ; paraffin A and B were examined by accelerating the 100 thermal cycles; heating and cooling to verify the thermal stability and degradation mechanism of the thermal property. Digital scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used for both paraffin waxes in order to investigate the variation in melting temperature and latent heat of fusion in the 0th and 100th thermal cycle. Paraffin A and B melting temperature were stable in 0th and 100th thermal cycle as well as no noticeable variation on paraffin A latent heat of fusion in preliminary investigation whereas paraffin B showed wide variation in latent heat of fusion from 0th and 100th charging mode which was from 130.0 J/g to 203.0 J/g. It was a massive enhancement on energy density. The results showed that the paraffin B enabled high energy density than paraffin A. However, paraffin A latent heat of fusion remained stable during the investigation as well as relatively 0.02 g material evaporation was noticed. From this investigation, it was found that both paraffin wax were suitable for low thermal application.

Volume 11 | 05-Special Issue

Pages: 1437-1443

Listing of net (low) and gross (high) energy content in fossil and alternative fuels, together with a description of energy content measurement

Energy content or calorific value is the same as the heat of combustion, and can be calculated from thermodynamical values, or measured in a suitable apparatus:

A known amount of the fuel is burned at constant pressure and under standard conditions (0°C and 1 bar) and the heat released is captured in a known mass of water in a calorimeter. If the initial and final temperatures of the water is measured, the energy released can be calculated using the equation

H = ΔT mC_p

where H = heat energy absorbed (in J), ΔT = change in temperature (in °C), m = mass of water (in g), and C_p = specific heat capacity (4.18 J/g°C for water). The resulting energy value divided by grams of fuel burned gives the energy content (in J/g).

The combustion process generates water vapor and certain techniques may be used to recover the quantity of heat contained in this water vapor by condensing it.

Higher Calorific Value (= Gross Calorific Value - GCV = Higher Heating Value - HHV) - the water of combustion is entirely condensed and the heat contained in the water vapor is recovered
Lower Calorific Value (= Net Calorific Value - NCV = Lower Heating Value - LHV) - the products of combustion contains the water vapor and the heat in the water vapor is not recovered

The table below gives the gross and net heating value of fossil fuels as well as some alternative biobased fuels.

See also Heat of combustion, Fuels - Higher and Lower Calorific Value and Combustion of fuels - CO₂ emissions.

For full table with Net Heating values - rotate the screen!

Fuels	Density		Gross Heating Value					Net Heating Value
Fuels	Density		Mass basis			Volume basis		Mass basis			Volume basis
Gaseous Fuels@0°C/32°F and 1 atm	kg/m³	grams/ft³	MJ/kg	Btu/lb	MJ/m³	Btu/ft³	MJ/kg	Btu/lb	MJ/m³	Btu/ft³
Natural gas (95% methane)*	0.747	21.2	54.0	23,216	40.34	1,049	48.7	20,956
Natural gas (US marked)*	0.777	22.0	52.2	22,453	40.60	1,089	47.1	20,267	36.65	983
Hydrogen	0.09	2.55	142.2	61,127	12.79	343	120.2	51,682	10.81	290
Still gas (in refineries)	1.159	32.8	51.0	21,905	59.05	1,584	46.9	20,163	54.36	1458
Liquid Fuels	kg/m3	grams/gal	MJ/kg	Btu/lb	MJ/m3	Btu/gal	MJ/kg	Btu/lb	MJ/m3	Btu/gal
Crude oil¹⁾	846	3,205	45.5	19,580	38,513	138,350	42.7	18,352	36,097	129,670
Conventional gasoline¹⁾	744	2,819	46.5	20,007	34,613	124,340	43.4	18,679	32,317	116,090
Reformulated or low-sulfur gasoline¹⁾	747	2,830	45.4	19,533	33,920	121,848	42.4	18,211	31,624	113,601
CA reformulated gasoline¹⁾	746	2,828	45.6	19,595	34,010	122,174	42.5	18,272	31,715	113,927
Kerosene¹⁾	790	2,994	46.4	19,948	36,656	131,675
U.S. conventional diesel¹⁾	836	3,167	45.8	19,676	38,243	137,380	42.8	18,397	35,757	128,450
Low-sulfur diesel¹⁾	846	3,206	45.6	19,594	38,552	138,490	42.6	18,320	36,046	129,487
Petroleum naphtha¹⁾	724	2,745	48.1	20,669	34,819	125,080	44.9	19,320	32,548	116,920
NG-based FT naphtha¹⁾	699	2,651	47.7	20,488	33,333	119,740	44.4	19,081	31,044	111,520
Residual oil¹⁾	990	3,752	42.2	18,147	41,787	150,110	39.5	16,968	39,071	140,352
E-Diesel Additives¹⁾	744	2,819	46.5	20,007	34,613	124,340	43.4	18,679	32,317	116,090
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)¹⁾	507	1,923	50.2	21,561	25,446	91,410	46.6	20,038	23,648	84,950
Liquefied natural gas (LNG)¹⁾	428	1,621	55.2	23,734	23,612	84,820	48.6	20,908	20,800	74,720
Dimethyl ether (DME)¹⁾	664	2,518	31.7	13,620	21,048	75,610	28.9	12,417	19,188	68,930
Dimethoxy methane (DMM)	859	3,255	25.7	11,036	22,046	79,197	23.4	10,061	20,099	72,200
Methyl ester (biodiesel, BD)	887	3,361	40.2	17,269	35,621	127,960	37.5	16,134	33,280	119,550
Fischer-Tropsch diesel (FTD)¹⁾	796	3,017	45.5	19,549	36,197	130,030	43.2	18,593	34,427	123,670
Ethanol	788	2,988	29.8	12,832	23,531	84,530	27.0	11,587	21,248	76,330
Renewable Diesel I (SuperCetane)¹⁾	748	2,835	46.6	20,047	34,879	125,294	43.6	18,729	32,586	117,059
Renewable Diesel II (UOP-HDO)¹⁾	778	2,948	46.8	20,128	36,416	130,817	44.0	18,908	34,209	122,887
Renewable Gasoline¹⁾	747	2,830	46.3	19,911	34,583	124,230	43.2	18,590	32,287	115,983
Liquid Hydrogen	71	268	141.8	60,964	10,027	36,020	120.1	51,621	8,490	30,500
Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE)	742	2,811	38.0	16,319	28,152	101,130	35.1	15,094	26,039	93,540
Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE)	741	2,810	39.2	16,873	29,099	104,530	36.3	15,613	26,924	96,720
Tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME)	769	2,913	39.3	16,906	30,223	108,570	36.4	15,646	27,971	100,480
Butane	584	2,213	49.2	21,157	28,734	103,220	45.3	19,466	26,437	94,970
Isobutane	559	2,118	49.1	21,108	27,437	98,560	44.9	19,287	25,071	90,060
Isobutylene	594	2,253	48.2	20,739	28,675	103,010	44.8	19,271	26,646	95,720
Propane	507	1,920	50.2	21,597	25,449	91,420	46.3	19,904	23,453	84,250
Solid Fuels	MJ/kg	Btu/lb	Btu/ton**	MJ/kg	Btu/lb	Btu/ton
Petroleum coke	31.3	13,460	26,920,000	29.5	12,685	25,370,000
Coal (wet basis)	24.0	10,304	20,608,570	22.7	9,773	19,546,300
Coal (low bituminous)	28.9	12,425	24,849,684
Coal (bituminous, wet basis)	27.3	11,723	23,445,900	26.1	11,230	22,460,600
Coal (high bituminous)	36.3	15,606	31,212,579
Coal (anthracite)	34.6	14,875	29,750,833
Coking coal (wet basis)	29.9	12,840	25,679,670	28.6	12,300	24,600,497
Charcoal (wood)	34.7	14,918	29,836,818
Farmed trees (dry basis)	20.6	8,852	17,703,170	19.6	8,406	16,811,000
Wood, oak	18.9	8,126	16,251,178
Wood, locust	19.7	8,470	16,939,058
Wood, Ponderosa pine	20	8,599	17,197,013
Wood, redwood	20.7	8,899	17,798,909
Herbaceous biomass (dry basis)	18.1	7,791	15,582,870	17.2	7,399	14,797,555
Corn stover (dry basis)	17.4	7,487	14,974,460	16.4	7,038	14,075,990
Grass (lawn cuttings)	19.3	8,298	16,595,118
Forest residue (dry basis)	16.5	7,082	14,164,160	15.4	6,622	13,243,490
Sugar cane bagasse	16.4	7,031	14,062,678	15.1	6,474	12,947,318
Newsprint	18.6	7,997	15,993,222
Cellulose	17.3	7,438	14,875,417
* Natural gas composition may vary a lot between different markets ** Short ton, 1 short ton = 2000 lb = 907.18 kg

1) Fuels which consist of a mixture of several different compounds may vary in quality between seasons and markeds. The given values are for fuels with the given density. The variation in quality may give heating values within a range 5 -10% higher and lower than the given value. Also the solid fuels will have a similar quality variation for the different classes of fuel.

Key numbers to remember:

Approximate conversion values between some fossil fuel volume, weight and energy units (using net (=low) heating values):

1 US gallon gasoline = 115000 Btu = 121 MJ = 32 MJ/liter
1 boe (barell of oil equivalent) = 42 US gallons = 35 Imperial Gallons = 159 liter = 5.1 GJ = 4.8 million Btu = 1400 kWh
1 metric tonne gasoline = 8.44 barrels = 1342 liter = 42.8 GJ
1 US gallon diesel = 129000 Btu = 136 MJ = 36 MJ/liter
1 liter diesel = 36.0 MJ
1 metric tonne coal = 32-35 GJ (bituminous/anthracite) = 27.5 GJ (low-bituminous)
1 cubic feet natural gas = 950 Btu
1 cubic meter natural gas = 36.5 MJ

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Specific Density Of Wax

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